History of oil in south sudan fortune of africa south sudan. Peace and conflict assessment of south sudan 2012 5 executive summary this report is an assessment of peace, conflict and peacebuilding in south sudan, conducted between june 2011 and march 2012. To locate sudan on a map 4 to recognize the historical influences on the present day sudan 5. The oil issue and the means for resolving the conflict are also discussed there. After independence, that conflict was heightened since about 75 percent of sudan s oil is produced below the border that now separates the. Understanding the roots of conflict in south sudan. Apr 02, 2015 since its independence in 2011, south sudan is battling a new civil war. The issue of how much money the sudanese government should receive for the oil pumped in south sudan but transported through sudan s pipelines and exported via sudan s infrastructure was particularly. Security forces patrol the dar petroleum operating company oil production operated in palogue oil field within upper nile state in south. Conflict resumes due to northern attempts to impose islamic law, tensiosn over oil, continued southern underdevelopment, and other causes second civil war ends when the government of sudan and the splma sign the 2005 comprehensive peace agreement. Brief history of the conflict in sudan objectives 1. Resource conflicts are often the result of a growing population, climate change.
Forces pdf, including one known as the protectors of the oil brigade. Since the split, sudan and south sudan s oil production has declined because of continued domestic political instability and conflict between the two countries. This thesis will argue that internal unrest has determined the leadership in khartoum and been central for sudan s turn towards china. Pdf a brief history of the conflict in sudan 49 abdellah. Oil exports from the south had been halted and other conflicts had broken out in both countries. A history of south sudan south sudan is the worlds youngest independent country. Sudan suffered from internal conflict already before obtaining independence in 1956. Oil, conflict, marxist theory, polarization and sustainable peace introduction south sudan s independence from sudan in 2011 did not resolve internal conflicts in either country. It analyses how local, national and international dynamics around independence in july 2011 and the end of the sixandahalfyear formal comprehensive. Relations between the two states have been marked by conflict over the greater nile oil pipeline and the disputed region of abyei, even though sudan was the first state to recognise south sudan.
The collapse of this peace agreement in 2000, the growing conflict between government of sudan. Improving natural resource management in sudan united states. Report of an investigation into oil development, conflict. The lingering unresolved issues with south sudan continued to pose problems, despite international attempts to mediate between the two countries. Sudan is known for having experienced two civil wars after independence in 1956, but it actually has a longlasting history of repeated conflict events starting well before independence. The collapse of this peace agreement in 2000, the growing conflict between government of sudan forces. Kordofanupper nile province 1931 boundary line sudan survey 1. Oilled growth has changed the sudanese economy, but will it last. Exiting the cycle of conflict in south sudan 4 building productive capacity it is likely to be many years before non oil economic sectors emerge to fill the same gap. Additional concern centre on the role of politics in oil and resourcebased conflicts to oil exporting countries, including sudan and south sudan. Local warming and violent conflict in north and south sudan.
Forces pdf, including one known as the protectors of the oil brigade, that it. Oil, conflict, marxist theory, polarization and sustainable peace. Nov 07, 2019 the unified sudan began producing oil in 1999, and as a result, the country tripled its per capita income within a decade. If the flow of oil were to be shut down with the outbreak of.
South sudan s independence was preceded by two civil wars, from 1955 to 1972 and from 1983 to 2005, in which 2. Currently, china happened to be one of the few superpowers that have invested so much in sudan s oil. Oil played a key role in sudans second civil war between north and south sudan. Understanding the roots of conflict in south sudan council. Oil accounts for nearly all of the newlyformed south sudans export earnings 98% of total revenue, according to the imf. Oil fee impasse and related conflicts south sudan s establishment as an independent nation in july 2011 followed decades of civil war and conflict with the north, during which natural resources played a key role. The unified sudan began producing oil in 1999, and as a result, the country tripled its per capita. Sudan s conflicts have many causes, but at the root of each conflict are questions over the control and distribution of resources.
Oil and conflict in polarized state of south sudan. South sudan became independent as an oil state, with 97 percent of government revenue and 60 percent of gdp from this one source. Mar 26, 2021 understanding the roots of conflict in south sudan. The southern sudanese rebel separatist army of the first civil war, 195572. Since the end of the cold war in 1991 primarily fought between the western block and eastern block, there has been a significant focus on natural resources as a tool of power over states. However, the secession of south sudan significantly affected sudan s economy because it lost 75% of its oil reserve fields to south sudan. Section 6 discusses what the government might do, drawing on international experience, best practice and analysis of oil sector governance in south sudan. Sudanese conflict in south kordofan and blue nile wikipedia. Sudan s complex armed conflict has been characterised as a civil war of interlocking civil wars. Making it a benefit for all executive summary executive summary oil production is the key factor in the development of south sudan, since july 2011 the worlds newest independent country.
The disc overy of oil in south sudan attracted american oil com. Oil has long been one of the central drivers of conflict between the two. Sudan s war in darfur never stopped, and in the months surrounding south sudan s independence, war broke out in sudan s. Sudan update raising the stakes oil and conflict in sudan when they engage in what they call high risk oil play, the high risk they mean is not the danger to life and limb from landmines and ak47s, but the risk of financial failure. It is structured to provide an overview of peace and conflict dynamics in sudan and south sudan section 5. After some years of relative calm following the 2005 agreement which ended the. After sudan discovered oil in western region of darfur in 2005, it is estimated as of today that chinas cnpc owns six blocks in the darfur area capable to produce about another 500,000 barrelsday 3 figure 1. While internal conflict is central for understanding sudan s foreign policy. The purpose of this dossier is to provide an overview of sudans oil industry and serve as a. The current low global oil prices are beginning to hurt national income and government revenue. This competition deepened as the relationship between sudan and the regime of south sudan s president, salva kiir, worsened as a result not only of historic tensions but of ongo ing disputes over the shared border, support for armed groups, and the distribution of oil revenues.
Oil has long been one of the central drivers of conflict between the two sudans. Yet in the past, oil production was linked with serious human rights abuses, such as forced displacement. Conflict resumes due to northern attempts to impose islamic law, tensiosn over oil, continued southern underdevelopment, and other causes second civil war ends when the government of sudan and the splma sign the. Institute of peace, june 2011, filesresourcessr278. Therefore, it is important to research how oil is linked to the conflict and whether oil had a role in the outbreak of the conflict. Pdf south sudan struggle for independence, and its. Mar 26, 2018 outh sudan s conflict may be the most oil dependent in the world. Political threats from conflicts and unbalanced development. Overview of corruption and anticorruption in south sudan. The oil conflict nexus is widely acknowledged as a global phenomenon, yet in sudan and south sudan, it has been intensified by an accident of history. The impact of the oil industry on local communities in south sudan. Violent conflict in south sudan today stems from competitive corruption that has characterized governance since 2005. Established in 2011 after two wars, south sudan has since reverted to a state of devastating civil strife.
This makes particular sense in the context of a highly centralized oil based patronage system. Like many african conflicts, the sudan conflict took its roots in the colonization period or even before the 19th century johnson, 2011. Pdf the heglig oil dispute between sudan and south sudan. South sudan depends primarily on oil revenues, with the resource.
Despite south sudan s abundance of oil and other natural resources, its population remains poor, due in large part to the effects of protracted conflict and apparent lack of transparency and accountability to equitably distribute oil resources. Oil fuels the conflict between sudan and south sudan and it. Disagreements over oil r evenue sharing and armed conflict have curtailed oil. Modern history of conflict in sudan pulitzer center. Ongoing land and oil disputes between the two nations may lead to further conflict. Cost of conflict to sudan and as a % annual gdp 2010 1. The sudanese conflict in south kordofan and blue nile was an armed conflict in the sudanese southern states of south kordofan and blue nile between the sudanese army saf and sudan peoples liberation movementnorth splmn, a northern affiliate of the sudan peoples liberation movement splm in south sudan. Pdf oil and conflict in polarized state of south sudan. Past, present, and future 17 the process of oil exportation until the shutdown 25 conflict escalation after independence of south sudan 26 3 securing a livelihood in the oil field 29 introducing melut and maban counties 30 livelihood options and dynamics created. Most of the oil production capacity is now in south sudan, but the country is landlocked and remains dependent on sudan because it must use sudan s export pipelines and port.
In january 2012, south sudan shut down all of its oil fields in a row over the fees sudan demanded to transit the oil. After independence, that conflict was heightened since about 75 percent of sudan s oil is. There are many causes for the conflict in south sudan, ranging from ethnic tensions, management of oil resources and the power struggle between president salva kiir and opposition leader dr. Oil has represented the key prize in south sudan since independence. The first export of crude oil from sudan in august 1999 marked a turning point in. If resource managementparticularly of oil, water, and landin sudan does not signifi. Jul 18, 2007 while some interventions, such as diamond smuggling, are illicit in nature, aiming to profit directly from the instability of war, others are legitimate, for instance mnc activity in sudan s oil. African union highlevel implementation panel on sudan bpd. While the influence of mncs on conflictaffected countries such as sudan has.
He was codirector of the rvi sudan course in 2004 and director 20052008. The countrys subsequent political and economic trajectory is partly explicable by this hyperdependency. South sudan gained independence from sudan in july 2011. Amidst a myriad of motives and causes, the countrys oil wealth has shaped an economic landscape that cannot be ignored by those seeking stability and, eventually, peace. South sudan needs its oil wealth for development and poverty alleviation, but during the conflict, oil fields have been targeted by the rebels and the oil production has fallen dramatically icg 2014a. In terms of dependence on oil revenues, in south sudan, the overseas development. Report of an investigation into oil development, conflict and. This includes the twelve years prior to the onset of the current civil war and all years during the conflict. Leaders use violence as a means of capturing the national economy and budget and to prolong their stay in power for the purpose of selfenrichment. Ssia forces had joined the government and were formed into the south sudan defence force ssdf. South sudan was devastated by the conflict, which hindered the development of basic infrastructure, human capital, and formal civilian institutions. Oil exploration in sudan began in 1959, when agip, an italian oil company, was given an exploration concession in the red sea area in the northeast of sudan and no oil was found. South sudan, a country highly dependent on oil and foreign aid, is desperately poor and lacks accountable public institutions. Extent of corruption south sudan is not yet included in most governance.
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